The symptoms of diabetes are a set of clinical manifestations of specific for a given disease, which tells doctors and patients to the appearance or progression of the pathological process.
Diabetes Mellitus is recognized as one of the most common diseases in the world, nowadays 350 million people around the world have already suffered. According to statistics, in just two decades, the number of cases increased by more than 10 times. About 90% of these people: second type diabetes.
If you identify the pathology in the initial stages, you can avoid a lot of serious complications. That is why it is so important to know what indicates the beginning of the disease and how a person needs to be examined to control this severe endocrine pathology.
Diabetes manifestations do not depend on its kind. The human body can understand when a sufficient level of energy stops coming from the necessary glucose in this case, in the results of a violation of its metabolism, and remains in abundance in the bloodstream, causing tremendous irreversible damage to the systems and organs. The disturbed metabolic processes in the body are provided by the lack of insulin, which is responsible for the glucose metabolism process. But the characteristics of the pathogenesis of the diabetes of the first and the second types have significant differences, so it is necessary to know exactly the symptoms of each of them.
The main symptoms
The lack of blood insulin or a decrease in the sensitivity of insulin -dependent cells to insulin action in the body leads to a high concentration of glucose in the blood. In addition to this symptom, which is considered the main diabetes, there are other signs that are detected during the patient's medical observation. If the slightest suspicion of the presence of this disease occurs, it is worth seeking medical help, since the early detected disease is subject to treatment, and in the modern world, even school children begin to suffer diabetes.
The first manifestations
As the first manifestations of diabetes, doctors call a series of specific symptoms. In diabetes, patients always have polyuria: fast and abundant urine, due to blood glucose and glucose level in urine. It is glucosuria the cause that prevents the absorption of fluid by renal structures. Polyuria is always accompanied by a thirst in which a person can consume up to 10 liters of liquid per day.
Despite the consumption of so many fluids, there is constantly a dry mouth feeling. In case of diabetes of the second type, together with thirst, a constant feeling of hunger appears. This is due to the fact that the insulin produced by the pancreas in large quantities circulates in the blood and is not used by its purpose, gives signs to the brain about the feeling of hunger.
A high level of blood glucose causes serious damage to the body. Damage to nerve fibers leads to the appearance of diabetic polyneuropathy. The first sign of such complication is the numbness of the fingers of the feet and hands and the appearance of strong pain in the limbs. If you start acting on the blood glucose level in a timely manner, the development of this process can stop and pain syndrome if you do not stop at all, it will be disturbing not so pronounced. However, if you lose the beginning of the progression of pathology, you can expect very severe consequences: severe pain, innervation, trophic ulcers and other things.
With damage to high blood glucose of the glasses, diabetic angiopathy develops. Clinically, at the beginning, the disease manifests itself by a sensation of cloud stay with a high concentration of blood glucose, then a decrease in visual acuity and even complete blindness is followed in the absence of therapy. The appearance of any of the previous symptoms, and even more its complex, should force the patient to be urgently examined to detect insulin insufficiency.
External manifestations
Among the external signs are also those that indicate the appearance of insulin resistance and high blood glucose. For example, such a symptom can be an acute development of dry skin, itching and peeled. It is especially important to pay attention to such manifestations of the skin in the context of concomitant thirst. In addition, with diabetes, itching occurs very often in mucous genital mucous membranes, due to the irritating effect of the glucose contained in the urine. There is no download at the same time, which is a distinctive characteristic of diabetes.
In addition, acute weight loss is a sign of the appearance of diabetes of the first type. In this case, it is necessary to observe some other pathology symptoms so as not to draw hurried conclusions. Obesity and excessive body weight is not a symptom of diabetes of the second type, but can act as its cause. In any case, if the weight of a person is quickly changing in any direction without apparent reason, it is worth paying attention to this and undergoing an exam by a doctor.
Diabetes symptoms
The first type
The first type of diabetes is very fast in its development. It has its own specific manifestations to which they must be paid.
The patient has a greater appetite in his history, but only loses weight, exhausted, suffers from drowsiness. Frequent impulses do not allow the toilet of the night to sleep calmly, which forces them to get up several times. The amount of urine in this case increases significantly, as the sensation of thirst progresses.
Such symptoms cannot go unnoticed, since it occurs very abruptly and suddenly. It is accompanied by nausea, vomiting and severe irritability. It is especially important to pay attention to constant impulse to the bathroom at night in children, if this was not previously observed.
The main problem of diabetes of the first type is the fact that glucose level can also increase in the blood and decrease very abruptly. Both states are dangerous to health and have their own characteristics and manifestations, which must be carefully monitored.
The second type
The most common is the second type of diabetes. Their manifestations are very diverse, they seem gradually, so it is difficult to catch them and recognize them immediately. Mild symptoms generally do not lead to the fact that a person, after having discovered it at home, begins to sound the alarm immediately.
The second type of diabetes is characterized by the appearance of dry mouth, thirst, abundant urination, weight loss, fatigue, weakness and sleepiness. A characteristic of this variety of the disease in the early stages is the presence of tingling in the fingers and numbness of the limbs, hypertonic manifestations, the appearance of infectious processes in the urinary system. Similarly, the first type of patient diabetes can be disturbed by nausea and vomiting, dryness and itching skin, and skin infections.
It is important to remember that the gradual development of symptoms leads to the development of the disease itself. Diabetes in the posterior stages is loaded with the appearance of a hyperosmolar, lactoidosis, ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, which gain impulse in a couple of hours and can even lead to the death of the patient. In addition, as a result of advanced diabetes, patients often have serious vision problems, which later leads to complete blindness, renal or cardiac failure, the pathology of vascular and nervous systems.
During pregnancy
Gestational diabetes is rarely manifested by some specific external signs. Most of the time, its presence is discovered with the planned exams that are carried out regularly to pregnant women. The main indicators are blood and urine test data.
In the presence of external signs of the type of gestational disease, all are very similar to the symptoms of diabetes of the first two types: nausea, vomiting, weakness, thirst, infection in the genitourinary system are not signs of toxicosis and other pathologies, but indicate in the second and third trimester of pregnancy about the occurrence of gestations.
The gestational form of pathology of direct threat to the life of a mother or a child does not carry, but can affect the general course of pregnancy, the good of the future mother and the fetus.
The high blood content in glucose leads to the birth of a baby with a high weight (more than 4 kilograms), which in the future will be a previous requirement for its obesity or incidence of diabetes at any age. You can also express a delay in the child's development, hypoglycemia, jaundice in the first pores of the newborn's life.
Signs of complications
Diabetic foot
The diabetic foot in medicine is understood as an integral anatomical and functional change in the tissues of the distal parts of the lower extremities in patients with diabetes. This is the most formidable complication of pathology under consideration, often leading to gangrene, amputation of the limbs and disability.
If there is a history of diabetes in the health status of the legs, it must be monitored very carefully. There are three main forms of diabetic foot: neuropathic (predominant nerve damage), ischemic (predominant lesion of blood vessels and blood flow disorder), mixed.
Among the complaints of the patients preceding the diabetic foot, the specialists distinguish the unpleasant feelings, the sensations of burning and sewing in the legs, the hen skin, a feeling of current discharge. If such symptoms disappear when walking, this indicates the beginning of the development of the neuropathic form of the diabetic foot. It is also important to pay attention if sensitivity disappears periodically. If painful sensations arise directly when walking or at night (only the limbs from the edge of the bed can reassure), then this means the beginning of the ischemic form of the diabetic foot called "ischemic foot. "
Among The Signs Indicating the Start of the Development of the Diabetic Foot, Distinguish Experts The Skin of the Skin On The Legs or The Occurrence of Pigment Spots, Peeling and Dry Skin in This Zone, The Occurrence of Multi -Caliber Bubbles On The Skin With Transparent Liquid Liquid, offe. Between The Fingers, Deformation of the Nail Plates on the Legs, Thickening of the Skin Kernels, Spontaneous Small bone fractures on the legs. If a person note at least some of these signs, you should seek medical help urgently.
Signs of retinopathy
Diabetic ophthalmology is manifested by a change in blood vessels in the retina, which leads to a violation of microcirculation in it. Such violation leads to the appearance of diabetic retinopathy. Such complication develops gradually and even in the posterior stages can be almost invisible to a person.
The main signs of diabetic retinopathy are:
- the appearance of "flies" to the eyes;
- blurred vision;
- decrease in visual acuity in the posterior stages;
- Hemorrhages in the vitreous body and retina.
In this case, diabetic ophthalmology can be manifested in two main forms: not spheret (background) or retinal proliferative retina. With background retinopathy, pathology concerns, first, the retina itself. In case of violations in the hair vessels of the retina, bleeding, swelling of the retina and deposition of metabolic products are produced. Background retinopathy is characteristic of elderly patients with diabetes. Causes a gradual decrease in visual acuity.
Based on the background, proliferative retinopathy is developing if the Osigal support deficiency will increase. In this case, there is a pathological formation of new blood vessels that sprout from the retina in a vitreous body. This process leads to bleeding in a vitreous body and a strong progression of vision of vision in an irreversible person and blindness. In adolescence, such a transition from complications from one way to another can occur in a couple of months, then the retinal detachment and the complete loss of vision will continue.
Signs of encephalopathy
Diabetic encephalopathy occurs as a diabetes complication, due to diffuse degenerative damage to the brain. The prevalence of encephalopathy depends directly on the type of diabetes and its symptoms, in the course of the disease and its severity. It belongs to late complications and manifests 10-15 years after the manifestation of diabetes.
The immediate cause of encephalopathy development is the typical metabolic disorders of diabetes, which causes damage to brain tissues and blood vessels. The above processes lead to a violation of brain activity, a decrease in cognitive functions. The development of encephalopathy occurs very slowly, which leads to the difficulty of detecting its symptoms in the early stages.
The main symptoms of diabetic encephalopathy are:
- headaches and dizziness;
- Emotional instability, high fatigue, sleep disorders and other neurasthenic disorders;
- instability of human march;
- The bifurcation of objects when looking at them, the vision nebula, the flickering of the "flies" in the eyes;
- mental and depressive disorders;
- confusing awareness;
- deterioration of mental activity, memory, ability to concentrate;
- Stropescas, transient ischemic attacks, other cerebral circulation pathologies;
- The appearance of seizures.
In the initial stages, there are practically no complications of the clinic, and with the development of encephalopathy, the symptoms begin to appear more clearly. The symptoms are identical to both types of diabetes.
The frequent diabetes satellite is atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension and obesity. In relation to the pride of blood vessels in case of atherosclerosis, it increases the risk of ischemic stroke and heart attacks. In case of microcirculation violation in renal vessels, irreversible renal failure occurs, which eventually leads to a complete cessation of the kidney function. This, in turn, leads to the need for a renal failure replacement therapy by the life dialysis method.
Diabetic coma
The diabetic cat means a serious deterioration of metabolic processes in the body of a patient suffering from diabetes. A comma can occur with a strong increase and with a strong decrease in sugar in human blood.
This condition requires urgent medical attention, since in its absence, it is possible serious complications and even deaths.
A comma develops in stages, but quite quickly. The first sign of confluence in who can be a state of fiction, the rapid growth of blood sugar, nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, abdomen pain per day or more before the immediate coma. Another symptom of the diabetic coma can be the spicy acetone smell of the patient's mouth. Sensitivity can also occur in seizures, thirst, thirst.
With a hypoglycemic coma, blood sugar concentration decreases sharply. The indicator can reach the 2 mmol per liter and below. Among the obvious symptoms of such coma, irrational anxiety, fear of the patient, a feeling of weakness, cramps, blood pressure falls and loss of consciousness. The precursors of the appearance of a hypoglycemic coma can be:
- general discomfort;
- lack of appetite;
- diarrhea or constipation;
- Dizziness, headaches, tachycardia.
The lack of assistance in this state can lead to extremely serious consequences. Since the hypoglycemic coma develops rapidly, the assistance provided must be urgent.
A strong decrease in blood pressure in the patient, the weakening of the pulse and softness of eyeballs may indicate a strong decrease in blood pressure. Only a qualified doctor can bring a person to his senses in this state, so the ambulance call must continue as soon as possible.
Laboratory signs
You can reliably discover the patient's diagnosis only after all the necessary laboratory tests. Any laboratory test for diabetes aims to determine blood glucose indicators.
It is possible to accidentally identify blood sugar with the massive exams of a person before hospitalization or with an emergency determination of other indicators.
The most common is a blood test for sugar, with an empty stomach. Before delivery, you can't eat anything for 8-12 hours. In addition, he cannot drink alcohol and cannot smoke an hour before blood donation. The level of up to 5. 5 mmol per liter will be considered a normal indicator. If the indicator is equal to 7 mmol per liter, the patient will be sent for additional exam. For this purpose, glucose tolerance is tested. For this, the patient donates blood with an empty stomach, then drink a glass of sugar water (75 grams for an adult for 200 milliliters of water), and 2 hours after that stir a blood test.
If the body is in normal conditions, the first analysis will show the result of up to 5. 5 mmol per liter, and the second, up to 7. 8 mmol per liter. If the indicators are in the range, respectively, 5-6. 7 and 7. 8-11. 1 mmol per liter, then this will tell doctors about the development of the pre -aniabet in the patient. The indicators that exceed these numbers indicate diabetes.
It is also customary to conduct a study on glygated hemoglobin, demonstrating the average value of human glucose in the last 3 months of life. The standard is the indicator below 5, 7%. If the value is between 5. 7-6. 4%, this suggests that there is a risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this case, the measures should be discussed with the doctor to reduce such risk. If the level of glucosado hemoglobin is more than 6. 5%, it is likely that the diagnosis of diabetes is confirmation. The recommended level of gluced hemoglobin in people with diabetes is less than 7%, if this level is higher, it is necessary to discuss the situation with your attending physician. It should be taken into account that the doctor can estimate the level of glyd hemoglobin above 7% as optimal.
Symptoms of a child
Diabetes can manifest at any age, including first children. There are even newborn diabetes. This is a rare case of innate nature of the disease. Very often, the demonstration in children represents 6 to 12 years. Metabolic processes in children during this period advance much faster, and the condition of the united nervous system can affect the blood glucose level. The younger the baby is, the more complicated the diabetes.
Among the main symptoms that parents should pay attention so as not to miss the development of diabetes in children, doctors distinguish:
- thirst and dry mouth;
- nausea with vomiting;
- Frequent urinating with the stickiness of the urine;
- Weight loss and high appetite at the same time;
- a fall in visual acuity;
- High fatigue, weakness and irritability.
If a child has at least one of the previous symptoms, this is a reason to find a doctor. If several symptoms are detected, at the same time, a doctor should be immediate.
Also among the symptoms in children, typical and atypical diabetes signs may occur. Doctors attribute to the typical symptoms that the parents of children often confuse with an age -related urinary incontinence, polyidipy, polyphygic, dryness and itching of the skin, the itching of the genitals after urine, the amount of blood sugar is more than 5. 5 per liter when a blood test is proven. The timely diagnosis in case of suspicion will help identify the disease at an early stage and begin the necessary therapy, which will not allow complications to develop.
Determination of diabetes mellitus at home
The diabetes course can be absolutely asymptomatic. It can be randomly identified when visiting an optometrist or any other doctor. However, there are many signs by which the presence of pathology can be guess independently. In addition, at home, you can establish quite precision the type of disease.
With a healthy body, after eating in the blood, sugar levels increase. After 2-3 hours after this, this indicator should return to its original limits. If this does not happen, then a person has a series of symptoms that cannot be noticed. This is already considered the dry mouth, thirst, very frequent and abundant urination, the increase in appetite, apathy, cramps, the nebulae of consciousness. Little by little, a person begins to notice the dry skin, which was not previously manifested.
Also at home, you can suspect the occurrence of diabetes in several strange sensations that a person has not previously observed. In the second type of diabetes, this is a bad healing of wounds and scratches, the development of obesity. In the first type of pathology, a person, on the contrary, can lose weight, although appetite is quite high. In addition, with all kinds of disease, skin items, an increase in hair growth, xantho formation (small yellow growth in the skin), hair loss in the limbs and others can occur.
The timely identification of diabetes signs should cause a doctor.
Only if diabetes therapy begins in the early stages, we can expect compensation for disease and normal quality of life in the future.